Uburyo bwo Guhitamo Imiyoboro Ifite Udupira mu Bikoreshwa mu Nganda

Intangiriro

Mu miyoboro y’inganda, guhitamo gufunga gato bishobora kugira ingaruka ku gukumira amazi ava, uburyo bwo kuyakoresha, kubahiriza umutekano, no gukora igihe kirekire. Imiyoboro y’imigozi ikoreshwa cyane kuko ikora imiyoboro ikomeye idasudira, bigatuma iba ingirakamaro mu gusana, ahantu hashobora guteza akaga, no mu miyoboro aho bishobora kuba ngombwa ko ikoreshwa. Ariko, guhitamo neza biterwa n’ibirenze ingano y’imiyoboro ihuye. Injeniyeri n’abaguzi bagomba kuzirikana igipimo cy’umuvuduko, uburinganire bw’ibikoresho, urugero rw’imigozi, uburyo bwo kuyifunga, uburyo bwo kuyizunguza, ubushyuhe, n’amazi cyangwa gazi bitangwa. Iyi ngingo isobanura ibintu by’ingenzi bigena imikorere y’imiyoboro kugira ngo ushobore kugaragaza imiyoboro y’imigozi ijyanye n’imiterere nyayo y’imikorere no kugabanya ibibazo bishobora kwirindwa.

Impamvu imiyoboro ifite imigozi ifite agaciro mu bijyanye no kwizerwa mu nganda

Imiyoboro ifite insinga ikora nk'ibice by'ibanze mu buryo bwo gutwara amazi n'umwuka mu nganda, itanga uburyo bwizewe kandi budafite ubushuhe bwo guhuza ibice by'imiyoboro. Akamaro kabyo k'ibanze kari mu guhuza imiyoboro n'ibikoresho bya mekanike, bikuraho gukenera uruhushya rwo gukora akazi gashyushye n'abakozi babigize umwuga bo gusudira. Iyi miterere ituma igira agaciro kanini muriibidukikije biteje akaga, nk'inganda zitunganya imiti n'inganda zitunganya peteroli, aho ikirere giturika kibuza cyane inkongi z'umuriro.

Ingaruka ku gihe cyo gukora no kubungabunga

Imiterere y'imiyoboro y'amazi igena cyane igihe cyo gukora muri rusange. Iyo ikozwe neza, imiyoboro y'amazi itanga umugozi ukomeye ugabanya inzira zisohoka kandi ukihanganira umuvuduko uringaniye wa mekanike. Ariko, guhitamo nabi cyangwa kudakoresha neza imiyoboro y'amazi bishobora guteza ibibazo, cyane cyane mu miyoboro ikoreshwa n'amazi menshi cyangwa inyundo y'amazi. Amakuru y'inganda agaragaza ko mu miyoboro y'amazi ihindagurika cyane, imiyoboro y'amazi idafite ubushobozi bwo gukora ishobora kongera igihe cyo kudakora ku kigero cya 15 kugeza kuri 20 ku ijana. Kugira ngo bagabanye izi ngaruka, abahanga mu by'inganda bagomba gusuzuma neza ibisabwa na torque runaka n'uburyo imiyoboro y'amazi ikorana kugira ngo barebe ko ikora neza igihe kirekire.

Imiterere ikwiye yo gukoresha

Imiyoboro y'imigozi ntabwo ikoreshwa ku isi hose kandi ikora neza mu mabahasha yihariye y'imikorere. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu miyoboro mito, isanzwe isobanurwa nk'ingano y'imiyoboro (NPS) ya santimetero 2 cyangwa ntoya. Muri izi ngano, zitwara neza ibipimo by'umuvuduko, akenshi zigatanga umuvuduko w'imbere kugeza kuri 4.000 PSI bitewe n'urwego rw'ibikoresho byihariye n'urwego rw'umuvuduko. Ku bikoresho birenga uyu muvuduko, cyangwa ibikoresha ibikoresho byangiza cyane cyangwa birimo uburozi, injeniyeri zikunze guhindura zijya mu miyoboro ya socket weld cyangwa flange. Gusobanukirwa iyi mipaka ya geometrique n'umuvuduko ni ingenzi mu gushyiraho imiyoboro aho itanga icyizere cyo hejuru nta kwangiza urwego rw'umutekano.

Ibipimo by'imiyoboro y'ingenzi ikoreshwa mu gusuzuma

Kugena imiyoboro ifite imigozi bisaba isesengura ry’imiterere myinshi ry’aho ikorera n’aho amazi anyura. Uburyo bumwe butajyanye bushobora gutera ingese yihuta, gukururwa n’umuvuduko, cyangwa kwanduza umubiri. Abahanga mu by’imashini bagomba gusuzuma ibikoresho, imiterere y’imigozi, n’ibipimo by’umuvuduko mu buryo buhuriweho kugira ngo barebe ko sisitemu ikora neza.

Ibikoresho, igitutu, ubushyuhe, n'uburyo itangazamakuru rihura

Guhitamo ibikoresho bigenwa n'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire mu byuma bikoresha ubushyuhe n'uburyo bikoreshwa. Ibyuma bitagira umusururu bya Austenitic, cyane cyane 304 na 316, ni ibipimo ngenderwaho mu nganda kubera ko birwanya ingese kandi bihangana n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, aho 316 bishobora gukora neza ku bushyuhe bugera kuri 1.000°F (537°C). Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho bya karuboni (nka ASTM A105) bihendutse cyane mu nganda zidakoresha ingese nk'umwuka n'umwuka ufunze ariko bisaba kongerwamo ibirinda kugira ngo hirindwe ogisijeni. Ibikoresho bya umuringa bikunze gukoreshwa mu byuma bikoresha umwuka n'amazi adafite uburozi bwinshi ariko bihura n'imbogamizi zikomeye z'ubushyuhe, akenshi byangirika mu buryo burenze 400°F (204°C). Ibisabwa ku gitutu bigomba guhuzwa n'ibi bikoresho binyuze mu byiciro bisanzwe, cyane cyane Class 2000, 3000, na 6000, bigena uburebure bw'urukuta n'umuvuduko ukabije w'ibikoresho.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'imigozi, ubwoko bw'imigozi, n'uburyo bwo kwihanganira ibintu

Uburyo bwo guhuza imiyoboro bushingiye ku buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga bukoreshwa. Umuyoboro w'Inyabutabire w'Igihugu (NPT) ni wo mu rwego rwo hejuru muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ugenzurwa na ASME B1.20.1. Imiyoboro ya NPT ifite inguni yihariye ya 1° 47′ (1.7899°), ituma imiyoboro y'ingabo n'iy'abagore ihuza, bigatuma habaho agapfunyika gashyirwamo amazi gakoresheje kaseti ya PTFE cyangwa serivise zifunga amazi. Mu buryo bunyuranye, imiyoboro y'Inyabutabire y'Ubwongereza (BSP) iboneka cyane mu Burayi no muri Aziya, iboneka mu bumenyi bw'imiterere ya BSPT na parallel (BSPP). Ni ngombwa cyane ko imiyoboro ya NPT na BSP idahinduka muri sisitemu, kuko inguni zayo zitandukanye zo mu mpande n'iz'uruhande zizatuma habaho gushonga, gucikamo ibice, no kuzana inzira zizewe zo gusohora amazi. Byongeye kandi, hakenewe ubushobozi bwo gukora neza kugira ngo uburebure bw'umuyoboro n'imigozi y'imigozi bihuze neza, birinde gusohoka mu buryo bw'umwuka mu gihe hari igitutu kinini.

Gukoresha imbonerahamwe zo kugereranya mu isuzuma

Guhuza izi mpinduka mu buryo busanzwe bwo kugereranya bituma amakipe atanga amasoko n'abahanga afata ibyemezo byihuse kandi biboneye. Mu gushushanya ibyiciro by'umuvuduko ugereranije n'ingengabihe y'imiyoboro, abahanga bashobora kwemeza ko gushyiramo imiyoboro atari byo bifite intege nke mu miyoboro.

Gukoresha ameza nk'ayo bituma igipfunyika cya Class 3000 gihuzwa neza n'umuyoboro wa Schedule 160, bigatuma inkuta zigumana ubugari bumwe n'umuvuduko mu gihe cyose cyo guteranya.

Uburyo bwo gusuzuma ubuziranenge, kubahiriza amategeko, n'abatanga serivisi

Kwemeza imiterere n'ubuziranenge bw'ibyuma by'imiyoboro ifite imigozi ni icyiciro kidasubirwaho cy'itangwa ry'amasoko. Abaguzi b'inganda bagomba gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza akomeye.amabwiriza yo kugenzura ubuziranengegushungura ibice bitujuje ubuziranenge bishobora kwangiza umutekano w’ikigo n’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko.

Kode, ibyemezo, ibizamini, no gukurikirana

Kubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga y’ibyuma n’ibipimo ni byo shingiro ry’isuzuma ry’umutanga. Ibikoresho bigomba kubahiriza amahame akomeye nka ASME B16.11 ku bikoresho by’ubucuzi n’ibipimo by’ibikoresho bya ASTM (urugero, ASTM A105 ku byuma bya karuboni, ASTM A182 ku byuma bitarangwamo umwanda). Abatanga ibikoresho bo mu rwego rwo hejuru batanga Raporo za EN 10204 Type 3.1 Material Test Reports (MTRs), bemeza ko bishoboka 100% kuva ku gipimo cy’ubushyuhe gisa n’aho gishyushye kigera ku gice cyarangiye. Ku bikorwa by’ingenzi, abaguzi bagomba gutegeka isuzuma rya Positive Material Identification (PMI) kugira ngo bagenzure imiterere y’ibirungo mbere yo koherezwa. Abatanga ibikoresho b’inganda bakomeye bagumana sisitemu ikomeye yo gucunga ubuziranenge igamije kugumisha igipimo cy’ubusembwa kiri munsi ya 0.1% (ibice 1.000 kuri miliyoni), bakareba ko ibice bitabasha kwihanganira bitagera aho byashyizwe.

Uburyo bwo gukora ubuziranenge n'ubugenzuzi

Ubwiza bw'imashini ikora imigozi bugira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwayo bwo kuyifunga no kuramba kwayo. Uburyo bugezweho bwo kugenzura bwibanda cyane ku gupima imigozi, hakoreshejwe impeta za L1 na L2 na plug gauges kugira ngo harebwe ko umurambararo w'umugozi, uburebure bw'umugozi, n'inguni ya taper bihuye neza n'amahame ya ASME B1.20.1. Uretse imiterere y'ubuziranenge, kurangiza ubuso ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kugenzura. Imigozi igomba kugaragaza ubuso bworoshye, budafite burgundy kugira ngo hirindwe ko ihungabana mu gihe cyo guteranya. Uburyo bwiza bwo gukora mu nganda bugamije kurangiza ubuso buto (Ra) hagati ya microinches 63 na 125; uru rwego rw'imiterere yihariye ni rwiza mu kubika imigozi cyangwa kaseti ya PTFE, bigatuma ifungwa ryizewe kandi rirambye ritabangamiye igikorwa cyo gufunga icyuma gikenewe kugira ngo igumane umuvuduko mwinshi.

Ibintu bigamije kugura mu bucuruzi no mu mikorere

Uretse ibisobanuro bya tekiniki, kugura imiyoboro ifite imigozi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa n'ikiguzi cy'ubuzima. Ingamba nziza zo gushakisha ibicuruzwa zihuza amafaranga akoreshwa mu ntangiriro n'ahari ububiko bw'ibikoresho ndetse n'ibisabwa mu kubungabunga igihe kirekire.

Igihe cyo kwishyura, MOQ, no guteganya ububiko

Gucunga uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa byaibikoresho by'ingandabisaba guhanura neza igihe cyo gutumiza ibicuruzwa n'ingano ntoya zo gutumiza ibicuruzwa (MOQs). Ibice bisanzwe, nk'ibikoresho 316 bya NPT by'icyuma kidashonga mu bunini busanzwe (urugero, 1/2-inch cyangwa 1-inch), akenshi bigira inyungu ku bubiko bukomeye bw'isi, bigatuma igihe cyo gutumiza ibicuruzwa kiba gito kuva ku cyumweru 1 kugeza kuri 3. Ariko, imiterere y'amasoko irahinduka cyane ku bikorwa byihariye. Ibikoresho bikozwe mu byuma bidasanzwe nka Monel, Hastelloy, cyangwa Duplex by'icyuma kidashonga akenshi bisaba ko ibicuruzwa byihariye bitangira gukorwa. Ibi bikoresho byihariye bishobora kwimura igihe cyo gutumiza ibicuruzwa kugeza ku byumweru 10 kugeza kuri 14 kandi akenshi bitwara MOQ z'ibice 100 cyangwa birenga. Abaguzi bagomba gushyira ibi bihe byagenwe mu ngengabihe y'imishinga yabo kandi bagatekereza gushyiraho amasezerano y'ibikoresho bicungwa n'abacuruzi (VMI) kugira ngo barinde ingaruka mbi z'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa.

Igiciro cyose cy'umutungo

Gusuzuma Ikiguzi cyose cy’Ubucuruzi (TCO) ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwo guhitamo imiyoboro ihuza imigozi kuruta ubundi buryo bwo guhuza imigozi. Nubwo ikiguzi cya mbere cy’imiyoboro ihuza imigozi gishobora kugereranywa n’imiyoboro ihuza imigozi, ubukungu bw’imiyoboro buratandukanye cyane.

Kubera ko ibikoresho bikozwe mu ikoranabuhanga bikuraho gukenera akazi kadasanzwe ko gusudira no gukora ibizamini bitangiza (NDT), ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho mbere kiragabanuka cyane. Byongeye kandi, imiterere yabyo igabanya cyane amasaha y'akazi asabwa mu guhindura sisitemu cyangwa kubungabunga buri gihe.

Uburyo bwo kugura ibintu bitandukanye

Kunoza uburyo bwo kugura ibi bice bisaba uburyo bwo kugura buhuriweho kandi buhuza imikorere. Amatsinda y’abahanga agomba gushyiraho ibipimo nyabyo bya tekiniki, abakozi bo kubungabunga batanga amakuru y’amateka ku gipimo cyo gutsindwa no koroshya ikoreshwa, kandi abashinzwe gutanga amasoko bakagirana ibiganiro ku biciro n’ibijyanye n’ibikoresho. Binyuze mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugura buhuriweho, amashyirahamwe ashobora gukumira silos zikunze gutuma hagurwa ibikoresho bihendutse kandi bitujuje ibisabwa. Ubushakashatsi ku nganda bwerekana ko guhuza imikorere hagati y’abagurisha bishobora kugabanya igihe cy’itangwa ry’amasoko kugeza kuri 25%, mu gihe kimwe bigabanya ibyago byo gutsindwa nyuma yo gushyiraho.

Guhitamo no kwemeza bya nyuma

Isozwa ry'igikorwa cyo gutanga amasoko ni icyiciro cya nyuma cyo guhitamo no kwemeza. Iki cyiciro gikora nk'irembo ryiza cyane, rituma imiyoboro yatoranijwe ihuye n'ibipimo byose by'umushinga, ingengo y'imari, na gahunda yo kuyitanga mbere yuko itegeko ryo kugura risohoka ku mugaragaro.

Urutonde rw'ibipimo kugira ngo byemezwe bwa nyuma

Kugira ngo hirindwe amakosa ahenze yo gutanga ibicuruzwa, abaguzi bagomba gukoresha urutonde rwuzuye rw'ibipimo mu gihe cy'isuzuma rya nyuma. Uru rutonde rugomba gusaba ko hakurikizwa 100% amahame ya ASME cyangwa ISO asabwa, rukareba ubwoko nyabwo bw'imirongo, urwego rw'ibikoresho, n'urwego rw'umuvuduko. Abasesenguzi bagomba kwemeza ko umucuruzi yatanze inyandiko zihagije, harimo na MTRs n'ibyemezo byo gupima amazi aho bikenewe. Byongeye kandi, urutonde rugomba kwemeza ko ingano n'ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bihuye na gahunda y'imiyoboro ya sisitemu yagutse. Gusimbuka uku kugenzura gukomeye bishobora gutuma habaho ibice bidahuye, bigatera gutinda gukomeye kw'umushinga n'ibyago by'umutekano mu gihe cyo gutangira.

Guhuza ikoranabuhanga, kubungabunga no kugura

Imikorere ya nyuma yo kwemeza isaba guhuza neza hagati y’ishami ry’ubuhanga, iry’ubugenzuzi n’iry’ubuguzi. Ubuhanga butanga icyemezo cy’ubuhanga gihamye, cyemeza ko ibikoresho bizahangana n’umuvuduko w’imikorere n’ubushyuhe. Kubungabunga bishyiraho ikimenyetso cy’ubuziranenge bw’ibice kugira ngo bihuze n’ububiko bw’inganda buriho, bigabanye gukenera kubika ibindi bisigaye. Kugura bisoza amasezerano y’ubucuruzi, byemeza ko igihe cyo gutangira gihuye n’igihe cyo kubaka cyangwa igihe cyo kuvugurura. Ku mishinga minini y’imari, iyi gahunda yo kwemeza y’intambwe 3 (Tekiniki, Ubucuruzi, QA) isanzwe isaba iminsi 5 kugeza kuri 7 y’akazi kugira ngo ikore neza. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa iyi gahunda, inganda zizemeza ko zibonaibikoresho by'imiyoboro bifite imigozi byizewe cyanebishyigikira imikorere myiza y'igihe kirekire.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu z'ingenzi ku bijyanye n'imiyoboro ifite imigozi
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ryari ibikoresho by'imiyoboro bifite imigozi ari byo byiza ku buryo bw'inganda?

Ni byiza cyane ku miyoboro mito, ubusanzwe NPS ifite santimetero 2 no munsi yayo, aho ushaka umurongo wizewe udafite solder kandi woroshye kuwukoresha mu kubungabunga.

Nigute nahitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gushyiramo imiyoboro ifite insinga?

Huza ibikoresho n'ubushyuhe n'ibipimo: 316 stainless steel yo gukoresha mu kwangiza, icyuma cya karuboni cyo gukoresha mu mwuka udahumanya, n'umuringa wo gukoresha mu buryo butarimo ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi buri munsi.

Ese nshobora kuvanga imiyoboro ya NPT na BSP ifite imigozi?

Oya. NPT na BSP bifite imiterere itandukanye y'imigozi kandi ntibigomba kuvangwa, kuko bishobora gukuramo, kugatera umwijima, no gukora inzira zisohoka.

Ni ikihe cyiciro cy'umuvuduko nkwiye guhitamo ku byuma bikoresha imiyoboro ifite imigozi?

Hitamo icyiciro cyujuje cyangwa kirenze umuvuduko wa sisitemu kandi gihuye n'igihe cy'imiyoboro. Amahitamo asanzwe ni icyiciro cya 2000, 3000, na 6000 hashingiwe ku nshingano.

Kuki ushaka ibikoresho by'imiyoboro bifite imigozi bivuye ku nganda zikora ibikoresho byabugenewe nka nbfh-metal.com?

Umucuruzi wihariye ashobora gutanga uburyo bwo kwihanganira imigozi mu buryo buhamye, uburyo ibikoresho bikurikiranwa neza, n'ubufasha bushingiye ku mikoreshereze, bifasha kugabanya ibibazo byo kuva amazi no kubungabunga mu nganda.