Ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'inganda: Ubwoko, Ibikoresho n'Ikoreshwa

Intangiriro

Guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gushyira imiyoboro bikagira ingaruka nyinshi kuruta uko imiyoboro ihuzwa. Mu nganda, ibikoresho bigena icyerekezo cy'amazi, igihombo cy'umuvuduko, imikorere yo gufunga, inshuro zo kubungabunga, n'umutekano mu gihe cy'imikorere igoye. Iyi nkuru igaragaza ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwo gushyiramo, ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu kubikora, n'aho buri buryo buhuye neza n'inganda zikora, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, n'inganda zikomeye. Mu mpera, uzaba ufite uburyo bwo kugereranya inkokora, ama-tees, ibigabanya, imigozi, n'ibindi bifitanye isano hashingiwe ku miterere ya serivisi, kurwanya ingese, imbaraga, n'ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa.

Impamvu ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'inganda ari ingenzi

Imiyoboro y’inganda ikora nk'aho ari ingenzi mu miyoboro ikomeye yo gutwara amazi. Inshingano zabo z'ibanze ni uguhuza, guhagarika, kugenzura, cyangwa guhindura icyerekezo cy’amazi mu miyoboro mu nzego zitandukanye kuva ku gutunganya peteroli kugeza ku gutunganya amazi mu migi.

Ibisobanuro n'uruhare mu miyoboro y'amazi

Ibikoresho birimo icyiciro kinini cy'ibice—nk'inkokora, udupira, uduce duto, na valve—bihindura imiterere y'amazi mu buryo butaziguye. Mu buryo busanzwe bwo gukoresha imiyoboro y'inganda ya metero 1.000, kugeza kuri 30% by'igabanuka ry'umuvuduko wose bishobora guterwa gusa n'ubushyuhe buterwa n'ibikoresho. Ibi bigaragaza ingaruka zikomeye bigira ku bunini bwa pompe, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, n'imikorere myiza ya sisitemu muri rusange.

Ingaruka ku bwizerwe, umutekano, no ku gihe cyo kuruhuka

Imiterere y’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga ni yo igena urwego rw’umutekano w’ibikorwa byose. Kunanirwa kw’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bishobora gutera amazi menshi, bigatera inyubako gucikamo ibintu byangiza ndetse no gucikamo ibintu bitateganijwe. Amakuru y’inganda agaragaza ko amazi aturuka ku bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga n’amahuriro adakwiye ari byo bigira hafi 15% kugeza 20% by’imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu nganda zitunganya imiti, bigatuma amabwiriza akwiye aba ari ngombwa mu kubahiriza ibidukikije, mu mutekano w’abakozi, no kugabanya igihe cyo gukora.

Ibiciro n'igihe cy'ubuzima

Nubwo ibikoresho bishobora kuba 10% kugeza kuri 15% gusa by'amafaranga y'ibanze akoreshwa mu mushinga munini wo gukora imiyoboro y'amazi, bigira ingaruka ku ngengo y'imari y'igihe kirekire mu kubungabunga. Gusobanura ibikoresho bifite igihe cy'imyaka 20 mu gihe cy'igishushanyo aho kuba uburyo buhendutse kandi bworoshye bwo mu rwego rw'imyaka 5 bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza kugeza kuri 60%. Iri barura rigaragaza ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza kimwe n'abakozi, ibisabwa mu kubaka, n'amafaranga yinjira mu musaruro ajyanye no guhindura uruganda mu buryo buteganyijwe.

Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo imiyoboro y'inganda

Imiterere ya geometrike n'uburyo bwo guhuza icyuma gifata ibikoresho bigena uburyo gikwiriye gukoreshwa mu bijyanye n'ibikenewe mu mikorere y'amazi, imiterere y'aho giteranyirizwa, hamwe na gahunda yo kugitunganya.

Imiterere n'imikorere bisanzwe byo guhuza

Imiterere y'icyuma gifata amazi ni yo igena uburyo amazi agenda muri sisitemu. Inkingi (ubusanzwe zikorwa mu nguni za 45° na 90°) zihindura icyerekezo cy'amazi atembera, mu gihe imigezi igenda igabanywa cyangwa igahuzwa. Igabanya umurambararo w'imiyoboro ihindura amazi kugira ngo igenzure umuvuduko w'amazi, iza mu buryo bungana (bungana) n'ubungana (bungana). Imashini zigabanya amazi zishyirwa mu mirongo itambitse y'amazi, uruhande rugororotse ruzamutse kugira ngo hirindwe ko umwuka utangira gukora, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu kubungabunga umutwe ufata amazi uhamye.

Uburyo bwo guhuza n'igihe bwo kubukoresha

Uburyo bwo guhuzagena umuvuduko wo guteranya ndetse n'ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo kwihanganira umuvuduko. Ibikoresho byo gusimbuza ku matako bitanga imiterere myiza cyane ku miyoboro ifite umuvuduko mwinshi (akenshi irenga 3.000 psi) ariko bisaba ubuhanga bwo gusudira no gupima radiography. Ibikoresho byo gusimbuza ku matako bikundwa cyane ku miyoboro mito (munsi ya santimetero 2 NPS) aho gusimbuza imbere bigomba kwirindwa. Ibikoresho byo gusimbuza ku matako (nka NPT cyangwa BSPT) bifasha guteranya vuba mu bikorwa bifite umuvuduko muto, bitari iby'ingenzi, mu gihe ibikoresho byo gusimbuza ku matako byoroshya kubungabunga no gusenya vuba.

Kugereranya ubwoko n'isano

Guhitamo ubwoko bwiza bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho bisaba kugereranya mu buryo butaziguye imbogamizi zifatika, uburyo bwo guteranya ibikoresho, n'ibisabwa mu mikorere.

Imbonerahamwe ya 1: Kugereranya uburyo bwo guhuza

Ibikoresho byo gushyiramo imiyoboro y'inganda

Guhitamo ibikoresho bishobora kuba ari cyo kintu cy'ingenzi cyane mu kugenaibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'inganda. Ifumbire cyangwa polima byatoranijwe bigomba kwihanganira imiterere ya shimi y'ibice by'icyuma, urugero rw'ubushyuhe bw'imikorere, n'imiterere y'igitutu cy'imbere bitabangamiye kwangirika kwihuta.

Ibikoresho bisanzwe n'imikoreshereze isanzwe

Icyuma cya karuboni (urugero, ASTM A234 WPB) ni cyo gikoreshwa mu nganda, gikunzwe cyane mu bidukikije bidahumanya ikirere, kandi bishobora kwangiza cyane nk'umwuka n'ubwikorezi bw'amazi. Icyuma kidashonga (nk'icyiciro cya 304/304L na 316/316L) gitanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese; 316L ikubiyemo cyane cyane molybdenum 2% kugeza kuri 3% kugira ngo irwanye icyuho cya chloride. Ku bikoresho bikaze cyane, hakoreshwa alloys zidasanzwe nka Hastelloy, Monel, cyangwa Titanium. Ku rundi ruhande,amahitamo atari ay'icyumanka PVC, CPVC, na PTFE byiganjemo ubuziranenge bwinshi n'aside ikora ku bushyuhe buri hagati cyangwa buri hejuru.

Ubushyuhe, ingese, n'umuvuduko w'ingufu

Injeniyeri zihora zipima ubushyuhe, zirwanya ingese, kandi zigatanga imbaraga ugereranyije n’ingengo y’imari ikoreshwa mu kugura. Urugero, mu gihe icyuma gisanzwe cya karuboni gitakaza imbaraga nyinshi zo gukurura hejuru ya 400°C (750°F), ibyuma bya aluminiyumu bigizwe na chromium na molybdenum (nka P11 cyangwa P22) bigumana ubuziranenge kugeza kuri 600°C (1,112°F). Ariko, izi aluminiyumu zongewemo zishobora kongera ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho fatizo ho 150% kugeza kuri 300% ugereranije n’icyuma cya aluminiyumu cy’ibanze. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, mu gihe pulasitiki itanga ubudahangarwa budasanzwe bwa aside, ubushobozi bwayo bwo gucunga igitutu bugabanuka cyane uko ubushyuhe bwegereje 93°C (200°F).

Kugereranya uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igaragaza ibipimo ngenderwaho by'imikorere n'ubukungu bw'ibikoresho bihuriweho.

Imbonerahamwe ya 2: Impinduka mu mikorere y'ibikoresho

Amahame ngenderwaho yo guhitamo n'ikoreshwa ryayo

Kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ubuhanga mu buryo bwimbitse bituma igikoresho gikoreshwa mu buryo buteganyijwe mu bihe byagenwe. Imiryango mpuzamahanga itanga amabwiriza agenga ingano, imiterere y’ibikoresho, n’ibipimo by’ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko.

Ibintu bifitanye isano n'ikoreshwa ry'iyi porogaramu

Imiterere y'amazi atwarwa ni yo igena ibisabwa mu gupima no kurangiza neza ubuso. Uduce duto duto mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro dukenera ibikoresho bikomeye bifite imitako idapfa kwangirika, mu gihe gukoresha imiti ya biopharmaceutical bisaba icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gitemba neza cyane (UHP). Mu bidukikije by'imiti, imbere mu buso hagomba gusigwa neza ku gipimo cya roughness average (Ra) cya microinches 15 cyangwa munsi yacyo kugira ngo hirindwe ko bagiteri ziyongera kandi zikoreshwe mu gusukurwa neza.

Amakode, amahame, n'ibipimo by'umuvuduko

Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ry’Abahanga mu by’Ubumenyi bw’Imashini (ASME) rishyiraho uburyo bw’ibanze bwo gupima no gushyushya ingufu bukoreshwa ku isi yose. ASME B16.9 ikubiyemoibikoresho byo gusudira bikozwe mu ruganda, mu gihe ASME B16.11 igenzura ibikoresho by’ubukorikori (gusudira no gushyiramo imigozi). Ingano z’umuvuduko si zo zuzuye; urugero, ibikoresho by’ubukorikori bya Class 3000 bihuye n’ubugari bw’urukuta rw’imiyoboro ya Schedule 80, ariko umuvuduko wayo ntarengwa wemewe (MAWP) ugabanuka mu buryo bugororotse uko ubushyuhe bw’imikorere buzamuka. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, flanges zigenzurwa na ASME B16.5 zibona ubushobozi bwazo bwo gushyushya bugabanuka cyane ku bushyuhe buri hejuru mu byiciro bya Class 150 kugeza kuri Class 2500.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo icyuma gishyirwamo ibikoresho intambwe ku yindi

Uburyo bwo kubigena bukurikiza umurongo ngenderwaho kugira ngo hamenyekane umutekano n'uko byubahirizwa. Ubwa mbere, injeniyeri zigena imbogamizi z'ibiganiro, harimo imiterere ya chimique, ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora, n'umuvuduko w'izamuka ry'amazi. Icya kabiri, gahunda y'imiyoboro ikenewe (ubugari bw'urukuta) ibarwa hashingiwe kuri MAWP. Icya gatatu, icyiciro gihuye n'icyo gikoresho n'ubwoko bwo guhuza biratoranywa (urugero, Schedule 40 butt-weld cyangwa Class 3000 threaded). Amaherezo, uburinganire bw'ibikoresho bugenzurwa hakurikijwe imbonerahamwe z'ingufu z'inganda, bikerekana ko ingano y'ingufu iteganijwe iguma munsi ya mm 0.1 ku mwaka ku gihe cy'imyaka 20 y'imikorere.

Uburyo bwo gufata icyemezo cya nyuma cyo kugura

Guhindura imiterere y’ubuhanga ukajya mu itangwa ry’amasoko bisaba gusuzuma umusaruro ufatika ndetse n’ubwizerwe bw’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa. Imiterere y’imiterere itunganye mu mibare ntacyo imaze iyo umucuruzi atanze ibice bidasanzwe cyangwa ntatange inyandiko zikwiye z’icyuma.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma tekiniki n'amasoko

Kugenzura ubuziranenge ni cyo gipimo cy’ingenzi cyo gushakisha. Abaguzi bagomba gutegeka Raporo z’Ibipimo by’Ibikoresho (MTRs) zijyanye na EN 10204 Type 3.1 kugira ngo harebwe imiterere y’ibinyabutabire n’imiterere ya mekanike. Byongeye kandi, guhagarara k’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa bisaba gusuzuma Ingano y’ibicuruzwa byibuze (MOQ) by’uruganda n’igihe cyo kubikoresha. Ku bikoresho bisanzwe bya karuboni, igihe cyo kubikoresha ni ibyumweru 2 kugeza kuri 4, mu gihe ibikoresho by’imashini bikozwe mu buryo bwihariye bishobora gusaba ibyumweru 16 kugeza kuri 24, bishobora kwangiza gahunda z’umushinga niba bitaratanzwe mu buryo bwihutirwa. Igipimo cy’inenge cyemewe kigomba kuganirwaho mu masezerano makuru ya serivisi, kigamije munsi ya 0.5% ku bice by’ingenzi by’ibikorwa remezo.

Urutonde rw'ibyemezo bya nyuma

Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo gusuzuma bunoze mbere yo gutanga itegeko ryo kugura. Ibi bikubiyemo kugenzura ko umucuruzi afite ISO 9001 ikora n'ibyemezo bya API cyangwa ASME bireba. Bisaba kurebera hamwe amanota y'ibikoresho byavuzwe, ingano, n'ibyiciro by'umuvuduko ugereranije n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiyoboro n'ibikoresho by'umwimerere (P&ID). Byongeye kandi, abaguzi bagomba kwemeza amakuru arambuye ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho, harimo n'amahame ngenderwaho yo gupfunyika (nk'uburinzi bwa pulasitiki ku bikoresho byo ku butike kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw'inzira) hamwe n'aho haboneka ahantu ho gufatira ibikoresho (TPI) mu gihe cyo gukora.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu z'ingenzi ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'inganda
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ubuhe bwoko bukunze gukoreshwa mu gushyira imiyoboro mu nganda?

Inkokora zihindura icyerekezo, imigozi igabanya cyangwa ivanga amazi, imiyoboro igabanya amazi ihindura ingano y'umuyoboro, naho imigozi cyangwa udukingirizo bigahagarika imiyoboro. Hitamo ukurikije inzira y'amazi, igitutu, n'ibikenewe mu kubungabunga.

Ni ikihe gikoresho gikwiriye gukoreshwa mu kwangiza cyangwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi?

Ibyuma bitangiza ibyuma ni amahitamo asanzwe yo kurwanya ingese n'ubushyuhe. Ku bikoresho bikomeye, menya neza urwego nyarwo n'uko bihuye n'amazi, ubushyuhe, n'imiterere y'umuvuduko wawe.

Ni ryari nkwiye gukoresha imisumari yo mu bwoko bwa "butt-weld" aho gukoresha imisumari yo mu bwoko bwa "threaded fittings"?

Koresha umugozi wo gusudira ku mirongo ikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi, ihoraho, cyangwa iy'ingenzi. Koresha ibikoresho bifite imigozi ku buryo buto kandi budakoresha umuvuduko muto aho gushyiraho vuba no kubungabunga byoroshye ari byo by'ingenzi.

Nigute nahitamo agakoresho gatuma amazi agabanuka neza ku murongo w'amazi utambitse?

Koresha agakoresho gatuma umwuka ugabanuka neza, uruhande rugororotse ruri hejuru kugira ngo ugabanye ibyago byo guhumeka umwuka. Ibi bifasha mu gukomeza gukurura ipompo neza no gutuma amazi atembera neza.

Ese nbfh-metal.com ishobora gutanga ubwoko butandukanye bw'imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu nganda?

Yego. nbfh-metal.com itanga ibikoresho by'icyuma bikoreshwa mu nganda n'uburyo bwo kubihuza. Huza ubwoko bw'ibikoresho n'ingano y'umuyoboro wawe, ubwoko bw'umuvuduko, ibikoresho, n'aho serivisi iherereye mbere yo gutumiza.