Ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga: Ubwoko, Imikoreshereze n'Ibyiza by'ingenzi

Intangiriro

Ibikoresho by'imiyoboro akenshi bigena niba sisitemu y'imiyoboro ikomeza kuba yizewe mu gihe cy'umuvuduko, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe, n'imimerere yangiza. Ibikoresho by'icyuma kidashonga bikoreshwa cyane kuko bihuza imbaraga za mekanike n'ubudahangarwa bw'igihe kirekire ku bidukikije, imiti, n'umwanda uterwa n'isuku. Iyi nkuru isobanura ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibikoresho, aho bikunze gukoreshwa, n'impamvu guhitamo ibikoresho ari ingenzi mu nganda, ubucuruzi, n'isuku. Igaragaza kandi inyungu zifatika nko kwirinda amazi ava, kuramba, gusukurwa, no kugabanuka k'ubuziranenge, bifasha abasomyi gusobanukirwa uburyo ibikoresho bikwiye bishyigikira sisitemu zitekanye kandi zinoze zo gufata amazi.

Impamvu ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga ari ingenzi mu nganda

Mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gufata amazi mu nganda, imiyoboro igororotse ntabwo itera ububabare bwinshi. Ingorane nyazo ziba ku ngingo, ku mizunguruko no ku mashami. Imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga ikora nk'ingingo y'ingenzi ihuza ibintu muri ubu buryo, ifata ibintu byose hamwe mu gihe icunga urujya n'uruza rw'amazi, impinduka z'umuvuduko, n'imihangayiko y'imiterere. Mu gihe cyo guhangana n'imiti ikaze, ubushyuhe bukabije, cyangwa ibisabwa kugira ngo isuku irusheho kwiyongera, icyuma gisanzwe cya karuboni cyangwa plastiki ntibishobora kuyica.

Abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi n’abashushanya sisitemu bishingikiriza cyane ku byuma bitarangwamo umuvuduko bitewe n’imikorere yabyo. Yaba sisitemu ikora kuri 150 PSI isanzwe cyangwa ikarenga 6.000 PSI mu murongo wa hydraulic ufite umuvuduko mwinshi, gushyiramo neza sintemu bituma sisitemu iguma ifunze kandi ifite umutekano. Gusobanukirwa uburyo ibi bice bikora ku rwego rwa granular ni intambwe ya mbere yo kubaka ibikorwa remezo by’imiyoboro bimara imyaka myinshi aho kumara amezi menshi.

Ingaruka ku ngaruka zo kwangirika

Impamvu nyamukuru ituma icyuma kidashonga kivugwa kuruta ibindi bihendutse ni uko kirwanya ogisijeni n'ibitero bya shimi. Uku kunanirwa guturuka ku gice gito cyane cya chromium oxide cyivura (ubusanzwe gifite ubunini bwa nanometero 1 kugeza kuri 3) kiba ku buso bw'icyuma. Igihe cyose hari ogisijeni, iki gice kidashonga kirasubira iyo cyashishuwe cyangwa cyakozwe mu mashini.

Ariko, ingaruka zo kwangirika gake cyane ziba zeru. Mu nganda, ibitero byo mu gace runaka nko gushonga cyangwa kwangirika mu miferege ni ibintu bihora bibangamira, cyane cyane mu bidukikije bikungahaye kuri koloride. Kugira ngo birindwe mu bidukikije bitagira chloride, alloys zisanzwe zitagira icyuma zihura n'igipimo cya kwangirika kiri munsi ya santimetero 0.002 ku mwaka. Ariko iyo zikora ku mazi y'umunyu cyangwa imashini zitunganya imiti, injeniyeri zikunze kureba umubare uhwanye n'umubare wa Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN). PREN irenga 23 irakenewe muri rusange kugira ngo igabanye ibyago byo kwangirika mu ikoreshwa ry'ibanze rya aquarium cyangwa chloride nyinshi, bigasobanura urwego rw'alloy rukenewe ku bikoresho.

Inganda zishingiye kuri bo

Ibyiciro bitandukanye bisaba ibikoresho by'icyuma kitagira umugese kubera impamvu zitandukanye rwose. Mu nganda zikora ibiribwa, ibinyobwa, n'imiti, isuku ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru. Ibi bikoresho bisaba ibikoresho by'isuku bifite isuku imbere mu buso—akenshi bigaragazwa n'ikigereranyo cy'ubushyuhe (Ra) kiri munsi ya mikorometero 0.8—kugira ngo birinde gukura kwa bagiteri no kwemerera inzira zo gusukura ahantu hatandukanye (CIP).

Ku rundi ruhande, inganda zikora peteroli, peteroli na gaze, n'amashanyarazi zikoresha icyuma kitagira umugese kugira ngo zigire imbaraga mu bushyuhe bukabije. Uruganda rutunganya peteroli rushobora gukoresha ibikoresho bitagira umugese (Gahunda ya 160) kugira ngo rukore neza mu gutunganya hydrocarbon kuri 800°F n'umuvuduko urenze 3.000 PSI, mu gihe ikigo cy'amashanyarazi gikoresha LNG gikoresha ibikoresho bimwe kuko icyuma kitagira umugese kigumana imbaraga zacyo (ubusanzwe kigumana ingufu zirenze 40 Joules) kandi ntigicika intege kuri -320°F. Inganda zitunganya amazi n'izikuraho umunyu nazo zikoresha ingano nini y'ibi bikoresho kugira ngo zirwanye imiterere mibi y'imikorere ya reverse osmosis, akenshi ikora hagati ya 800 na 1.200 PSI.

Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kitagira umugese

Ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga si ikintu kimwe gikwiranye na byose. Ni ibintu byihariye cyane byakozwe kugira ngo bikore imirimo yihariye ya geometrike n'iy'ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bw'imiyoboro. Ingano zishobora kuva ku bikoresho bito bya santimetero 1/8 kugeza ku bikoresho binini bya santimetero 24 cyangwa binini bikoreshwa mu nganda zikomeye.

Gushyira ibi bikoresho mu byiciro akenshi bishingira ku bintu bibiri by'ingenzi: icyo ibikoresho bikora ku buryo bufatika ku muvuduko w'amazi, n'uburyo bifatanye n'imiyoboro iri hafi aho. Kuvanga ubwoko cyangwa imiterere idakwiye y'umuyoboro bishobora gutera imipaka y'amazi, kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amazi, cyangwa gusohoka kw'amazi mu buryo bukabije.

Ibikoresho byo guhindura icyerekezo, gushyiraho amashami, no kugabanya

Ibikoresho bihindura icyerekezo, bigatandukanya amashami, cyangwa bigahindura ingano y'umuyoboro bigize igice kinini cy'ibikoresho byose by'imiyoboro. Ibiganza ni byo bikunze kuboneka cyane, akenshi biboneka mu nguni za dogere 45 na dogere 90, bigatuma imiyoboro igenda hirya no hino ku mbogamizi z'imiterere. Ibiganza birebire (aho radius yo hagati ingana inshuro 1.5 y'umuyoboro w'amazina) akenshi bikundwa kugira ngo bigabanye kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'umuvuduko, mu gihe ibiganza bigufi (inshuro 1.0 y'umuyoboro w'amazina) bikoreshwa mu buryo buto bw'ahantu.

Iyo umurongo ukeneye gucikamo cyangwa guhuzwa, hakoreshwa uduce duto n'uduce duto. Uduce duto dutanga ishami rya dogere 90 uvuye ku gice cy'ingenzi, kandi uduce duto dutuma habaho inzira enye, nubwo tudakunze kugaragara bitewe n'ingingo zikomeye zituma zikora. Amaherezo, uduce duto duhindura imiyoboro kuva ku murambararo munini ukajya ku muto. Uduce duto duto dukoreshwa mu buryo bungana kandi dukoreshwa mu nzira zihagaze, mu gihe uduce duto duto dufite uruhande rumwe rugororotse, bigatuma tuba twiza cyane mu nzira zitambitse kugira ngo wirinde ko umwuka cyangwa umwuka binjiza hejuru y'umuyoboro.

Imigozi, soketi, butt welding, n'imiyoboro yo gukanda

Uburyo bukoreshwa mu guhuza igipfunyika n'umuyoboro ni ingenzi cyane nk'uko imiterere y'igipfunyika imeze. Imiyoboro ifite insinga, akenshi irimo umuyoboro w'igihugu (NPT), ikunze gukoreshwa ku miyoboro mito (ubusanzwe ifite santimetero 2 na munsi yayo). Biroroshye gushyiraho no gusenya ariko bishobora kuva amazi mu gihe hari ahantu hashyuha cyane cyangwa ahantu hashyuha cyane.

Ibikoresho byo gusoka birimo gushyira umuyoboro mu gice cyo hasi cy’igikoresho no gushyiramo umuyoboro wo gusoka inyuma. Ibi bitanga umugozi ukomeye kandi udasohoka ugereranije n’imigozi, akenshi ikoreshwa mu mirongo ya santimetero 15. Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho byo gusoka umuyoboro n’igikoresho bigomba gusoka neza (ubusanzwe ku nguni ya dogere 37.5) no gusoka kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera. Iki ni cyo gipimo cya zahabu cyo gusoka imiyoboro ifite umuvuduko mwinshi kandi ifite umurambararo munini (Gahunda ya 10 kugeza 160) kuko itanga umuvuduko mwiza imbere n’ubuziranenge bwo hejuru bw’imiterere.

Ibikoresho byo gukandakoresha uburyo bwa ferrule butera umuyoboro w'amazi iyo imbuto ifashwe neza. Ibi bikoreshwa cyane cyane ku miyoboro y'ibikoresho byo ku nkuta nto, akenshi uburebure bwa santimetero 1 cyangwa ntoya, bigatuma iteranywa vuba nta bikoresho byo gusudira bikenewe.

Kugereranya ubushobozi bw'umuvuduko n'isuku

Guhitamo hagati y’ubwo bwoko bisaba kuringaniza ibisabwa mu gushyushya igitutu ugereranije n’ibikenewe mu kubungabunga no gusukura. Ipfundo ry’imigozi rishobora kuba rihendutse kandi ryoroshye, ariko icyuho gito kiri mu migozi ni imitego izwi cyane yo kwangiza bagiteri n’ibintu byangiza.

Nk’uko imbonerahamwe ibigaragaza, inganda zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi zishingira cyane ku byuma bisudiramo imiyoboro y’amazi n’iy’inyuma, mu gihe isuku igabanya ubushobozi bwo gukoresha umuvuduko mwinshi kugira ngo ibikoresho byabugenewe byo gufunga bisukurwe neza.

Uburyo bwo gusuzuma imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga

Gusuzuma imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga bisaba kureba inyuma y'inyuma hakakaye no gucukumbura ibipimo by'icyuma n'ibipimo. Igikoresho gishobora kugaragara neza ku gikoresho, ariko niba ingengabihe yacyo, icyuma gikozwemo, cyangwa urwego rw'umuvuduko bidahuye n'ibyo sisitemu isaba, biba ikibazo cy'ako kanya.

Injeniyeri n'amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko bagomba guhuza imiterere y'ibikoresho ugereranyije n'aho biteganijwe ko bikorerwa kugira ngo umutekano n'igihe kirekire bibe bihari. Ibi bivuze kwita cyane ku itandukaniro ry'amanota, amahame agenga inganda, n'impapuro zigaragaza ko ikoreshwa ari byo koko uruganda ruvuga ko ari byo.

Guhitamo icyuma kidasaza cya 304 vs 316

Impaka hagati y’icyuma kitagira umugese cya 304 na 316 ni cyo gifatwa nk’ikintu gikunze gufatwa mu gushushanya imiyoboro. Icyiciro cya 304 kirimo hafi 18% bya chromium na 8% bya nikeli, bigatuma kiba igikoresho cyiza cyane cyo gukoresha mu gutunganya amazi meza, ibikorwa remezo byo mu nzu, no mu bidukikije byoroheje.

Icyiciro cya 316 gifata icyo gice cy’ibanze hanyuma cyongeraho 2% kugeza kuri 3% bya molybdenum. Icyo gice gito cyongera cyane ubushobozi bw’icyuma bwo kurwanya kloride n’ibintu bishongesha mu nganda. Iyo umuyoboro unyuze hafi y’inkombe, ugafata imyunyu ngugu, cyangwa utwaye imiti ihumanya, 316 ni yo mahitamo asanzwe. Kubera molybdenum na nikeli byongewemo, ibikoresho 316 muri rusange bihenda hagati ya 20% na 30% kurusha ibindi 304. Kugena ubwoko bwa "L" (nka 316L) nabyo ni ingenzi ku bikoresho bishongesha, kuko ingano nto ya karuboni (ntarengwa 0.03%) irinda imvura ya karuboni mu gihe cyo gusudira, bigatuma habaho kurwanya ingese ku ngingo.

Ibipimo, ingengabihe, ibyiciro by'umuvuduko, n'ibipimo ngenderwaho

Ibikoresho bigengwa n'amahame akomeye y'ibipimo n'umuvuduko kugira ngo bigenzurwe neza ku isi yose. Ibikoresho byo gusudira ku rukuta akenshi bikurikiza ASME B16.9, igena ingano rusange, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu, n'ubugari bw'inkuta. Ubunini bw'inkuta bugaragazwa n'umuyoboro "Gahunda"—ingano zisanzwe zirimo Gahunda ya 10 (urukuta rworoshye, urugero, santimetero 0.109 ku muyoboro wa santimetero 2), Gahunda ya 40 (isanzwe, santimetero 0.237), na Gahunda ya 80 (iremereye cyane, santimetero 0.343). Gahunda y'ibikoresho igomba guhuza neza n'umuyoboro uherekeza kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi atemba cyane n'aho adakomeye.

Ibikoresho by'ubukorikori, birimo ubwoko bw'imigozi n'ubusokeri, bigengwa n'ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ASME B16.11. Aho gukoresha ingengabihe, ibi bipimirwa hakurikijwe ibyiciro by'umuvuduko: 3000#, 6000#, na 9000#. Igikoresho cya 3000# muri rusange gihuzwa n'umuyoboro wa Schedule 80, mu gihe igikoresho cya 6000# gihuzwa na Schedule 160. Gukoresha ibyiciro n'ingengabihe bidahuye ni inzira yihuse yo kugera ku gice cyapfumutse.

Ubushyuhe, imiterere y'ibinyamakuru, imiterere y'ubuso, n'uburyo ibintu bikurikirana

Ndetse n'icyuma gikwiye n'igihe byagenwe bishobora kwangirika iyo ibintu bya kabiri byirengagijwe. Ubushyuhe bugabanya cyane ubushobozi bw'umuvuduko w'icyuma kidashonga. Urugero, icyuma gifunga 316 kidashonga kidashonga gitakaza hafi 20% by'ubushobozi bwacyo bwo guhangayika bwemewe iyo gikoze kuri dogere 400 ugereranije n'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba, na hafi 40% kuri dogere 800. Imiterere y'icyuma gicamo ni nayo igena imiterere y'ubuso ikenewe; imiterere isanzwe y'inganda ikunze kuba hagati ya dogere 3.2 na 6.3, mu gihe ubuso bugoye butera ubwiyongere bw'ibipimo n'ingese.

Amaherezo, gukurikirana ibintu ntibishobora kuganirwaho mu bikorwa by'ingenzi.ireme ry'ibikoreshoIgomba kuza hamwe na Raporo y'Ibizamini by'Ibikoresho (MTR) ijyanye na EN 10204 3.1. Iyi nyandiko igaragaza ubushyuhe nyabwo bw'icyuma, itanga imiterere nyayo y'ibinyabutabire n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya mekanike bivuye mu ruganda. Iyo nta MTR, icyuma gikoreshwa mu byuma nk'ibisigazwa bitaramenyekana mu maso y'abagenzuzi b'inganda.

Uburyo bwo gushaka ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kitagira umugese byiza

Gushaka ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga byarushijeho kuba ingorabahizi ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Itandukaniro rigaragara hagati y'ibikoresho by'impimbano byujuje ubuziranenge, byujuje ibisabwa n'ibitari byujuje ubuziranenge akenshi ntirigaragara ku maso. Kwishingikiriza gusa ku muguzi wo hasi ni ingamba iteje akaga iyo ubunyangamugayo bw'ibikorwa buri mu kaga.

Guteza imbere gahunda ikomeye yo gushakisha ibiribwa bivuze gusuzuma uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa byose, kuva ku ruganda rwasukaga ibyuma bishaje kugeza ku mucuruzi ubika inkokora n'ibitoki byarangiye. Uburyo bwo gukora ibishoboka byose mu gushakisha ibiribwa birinda gutinda kw'imishinga ihenze no guhomba bikomeye mu murima.

Inganda, inganda n'abakwirakwiza ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa

Intambwe ya mbere mu gushaka ibikoresho mu buryo bwizewe ni ugushyiraho Urutonde rw’Abakora Ibikoresho Byemejwe (AML). Abaguzi b’abahanga bazemera gusa ibikoresho biva ku nganda zifite icyemezo cya ISO 9001 kandi zifite amateka meza mu nganda runaka. Ni ngombwa gutandukanya inganda (zikora umuyoboro usanzwe cyangwa imashini) n’izikoreshaabakora ibikoresho byo gushyiramo ibikoresho(bicura, binangira, kandi bigakoresha imashini).

Abacuruza ibicuruzwa nabo bagira uruhare runini. Umucuruzi wo mu cyiciro cya mbere azagenzura abafatanyabikorwa be mu nganda kandi akomeze gahunda zikomeye zo gushyira mu kato ibikoresho bidahuye n’ibyo acuruza. Mu gihe ushakisha ibicuruzwa, baza abagurisha ibicuruzwa ku bijyanye n’uburyo bwo kubigurisha bujyanye n’ibyo agurisha; niba bagura ku isoko rifunguye batabanje gusuzuma aho byaturutse, ibyago byo kubona ibikoresho bivanze cyangwa bidafite ubuziranenge byiyongera cyane.

Igenzura ry'igenzura, inyandiko, n'ibizamini

Kwizera impapuro ni byiza, ariko kugenzura ibicuruzwa bifatika ni byiza kurushaho.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho by'imiyoboro itagira umugese bikwiye

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu z'ingenzi ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kitagira umugese
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga bikoreshwa mu ki?

Bihuza, byohereza, bigabanya cyangwa bigabanya imiyoboro mu buryo bwo gufata amazi mu gihe bifasha mu kubungabunga umuvuduko, gufunga, kurwanya ingese, no kurinda umutekano w’uburyo.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo ibyuma bitagira umugese bukunze kugaragara cyane?

Ubwoko busanzwe burimo inkokora, imipira, uduce duto, imiyoboro, imigozi, imigozi, imigozi, imigozi, imigozi, imigozi, imigozi, n'ibikoresho bifite imigozi cyangwa ivanze.

Nigute nahitamo umuyoboro ukwiye w'icyuma kidashonga?

Huza ingano y'umuyoboro, igipimo cy'umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, ubwoko bw'amazi, ibyago byo kwangirika, uburyo bwo guhuza, n'amahame ngenderwaho y'inganda.

Ese ibikoresho by'icyuma kidashonga bikwiranye n'ibikoresho bifite umuvuduko mwinshi?

Yego, iyo byasobanuwe neza. Sisitemu zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi zishobora gusaba ibikoresho biremereye, amanota akwiye y’icyuma, n’amanota yemejwe ku muvuduko ukoreshwa.

Ni ryari ibikoresho 316 by'icyuma kitagira umugese bigomba gukoreshwa?

Koresha icyuma kitagira umugese cya 316 mu bidukikije birimo chloride nyinshi, inyanja, imiti, cyangwa ahantu habi aho hakenewe uburyo bwo kurwanya ingese no kutagira imyanda kurusha 304.