Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo imiyoboro y'amazi: Ubuyobozi bufatika ku bikoresho byo gushyiramo imiringa

Intangiriro

Guhitamo ubwoko bw'imiyoboro y'amazi bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kuyishyiraho no kuyishyiraho; bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku ngaruka zo kuva amazi, ibisabwa mu kubungabunga, n'ikiguzi cy'igihe kirekire cya sisitemu. Mu by'ubucuruzi, imiyoboro y'umuringa ikunze gukundwa kuko ihuza kurwanya ingese, imbaraga, n'imikorere yizewe mu buryo butandukanye bw'umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe. Iyi mfashanyigisho isobanura ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'imiyoboro y'umuringa, uburyo uburyo bwo kuyihuza butandukanye, n'aho buri buryo bukora neza mu bikorwa. Mu mpera, abasomyi bazaba bafite ishingiro risobanutse ryo kugereranya imiterere, guhitamo imiyoboro ikwiriye gukoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye, no kwirinda amakosa asanzwe ashobora kugabanya igihe cyo kuyikoresha cyangwa kongera ibyago byo kwangirika.

Impamvu ubwoko bw'imiyoboro y'amazi ari ingenzi mu miyoboro y'ubucuruzi

Mu buryo bw'amazi y'ubucuruzi n'inganda, guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiyeUbwoko bw'ibikoresho by'imiyoboro y'amazini icyemezo cy'ingenzi cy'ubuhanga kirenze kure uburyo bwo gutwara amazi y'ibanze. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu miyoboro y'amazi ni byo bishobora kwangirika cyane mu miyoboro iyo ari yo yose ifite umuvuduko. Nubwo ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho by'ibanze by'umuyoboro umwe gishobora gusa n'aho ari gito mu rwego rw'umushinga w'ubwubatsi wa miliyoni nyinshi z'amadolari, kwangirika gukomeye ku gice kimwe bishobora gutuma amazi ahita yangirika, igihe cyo gukora, n'amafaranga yo gusana.

Abashushanya sisitemu n'inzobere mu gutanga amasoko bagomba gusuzuma ibikoresho bishingiye ku miterere y'icyuma, imiterere ya geometrike, n'uburyo bwo guhuza. Mu bikoresho bitandukanye biboneka, umuringa uracyari inkingi ikomeye mu miyoboro y'amazi yo mu bucuruzi bitewe no kuramba kwawo, ubushobozi bwo gukora, no kwihanganira ubushyuhe. Gusobanukirwa neza ibi bice bituma sisitemu iramba kandi ikubahiriza cyane amategeko y'inyubako agezweho.

Ikiguzi cy'ubuzima n'ingaruka zo gusohoka kw'amazi

Mu gusuzuma imiyoboro y'amazi y'ubucuruzi, ikiguzi cy'ibanze cyo kugura ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma, kubungabunga no kugabanya ingaruka mbi zishobora gutemba. Kugaragaza ubwiza bw'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma, mu kubisana no mu kugabanya ingaruka mbi zishobora gutemba.ibikoresho by'umuringamu buryo bw'ibanze, ihindura iki gipimo cy'ibiciro binyuze mu gutanga igihe cy'imikorere gikunze kurenza imyaka 30 kugeza kuri 50 mu bihe bisanzwe.

Ingaruka zo gusohoka zifitanye isano itaziguye n'imiterere y'icyuma gifata ibikoresho n'uburyo bwo kubihuza. Ibikoresho bidakora neza bishobora kugira inenge nke cyangwa ubugondo budakwiye, ibyo bikaba byongera ibyago byo gusohoka buhoro buhoro inyuma y'inkuta cyangwa mu byumba by'imashini. Mu gushyira ku buryo busanzwe ibice by'umuringa byakozwe neza bifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ingano y'ibikoresho, ba rwiyemezamirimo bashobora kugabanya igipimo cyo gutsindwa kw'ingingo nyuma yo gushyiraho ibikoresho kugeza hafi ya zeru rwose.

Imikoreshereze y'umuringa ugereranije na plastiki

Impaka hagati yo gukoresha umuringa ugereranije na polimeri zigezweho nka Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX) cyangwa Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) zishingiye ku bipimo by'imikorere n'ibyangiritse ku bidukikije. Plastike itanga inyungu zidasanzwe mu kiguzi cy'ibikoresho fatizo no koroshya imikorere ariko ifite imbogamizi zikomeye mu bidukikije birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imihangayiko myinshi.

Umuringa wo mu rwego rw'ubucuruzi wihanganira ubushyuhe buhoraho burenze 200°F (93°C) kandi urwanya kwangirika kw'imiterere mu gihe cy'imizigo iremereye ya mekanike. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, PVC isanzwe yangiritse mu miterere yayo iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 140°F (60°C). Byongeye kandi, umuringa utanga ubudahangarwa bukomeye ku kwangirika kwa ultraviolet (UV), bigatuma uba amahitamo y'ingenzi ku bikoresho byashyizwe ahagaragara, ibikoresho byo mu cyumba cy'amazi, n'imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza amazi hanze aho pulasitiki yahitaga icika intege.

Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwo gushyiramo imiyoboro y'amazi n'uburyo bwo kuyihuza

Gukoresha imiterere itandukanye y’imiyoboro y’amazi bisaba gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y’ibice n’uburyo bwo guhuza. Imiterere y’iyi miyoboro igena uburyo amazi anyuramo n’uburyo akwirakwira mu cyerekezo, mu gihe uburyo bwo guhuza bugena imbaraga z’ingufu z’ingufu. Guhuza uburyo bwihariye bwo guhuza ibintu mu nyubako bishobora kugabanya igihe cyo gushyiraho kugeza kuri 30%, bigagabanya cyane amafaranga akoreshwa n’abakozi.

Imiterere Ihuriweho yo Guhuza

Ibyuma by'ingenzi by'urusobe rw'imiyoboro y'amazi birimo inkokora, imigozi, imigozi ihuza, imigozi igabanya umuvuduko, n'imigozi ihuza imiyoboro. Imigozi, ikunze kuboneka mu buryo bwa dogere 45 na dogere 90, yoroshya impinduka mu cyerekezo ariko igatera imbaraga zo kwirinda amazi; inkokora isanzwe ya dogere 90 ituma umuvuduko ugabanuka bingana na metero 2.5 z'umuyoboro ugororotse.

Amatiyo yo mu bwoko bwa Tee atuma amazi akwirakwira binyuze mu kugabanya amazi mu mashami y’inyongera, mu gihe agabanya uburyo bwo guhindura imiyoboro hagati y’imiyoboro itandukanye kugira ngo akomeze umuvuduko mwiza w’amazi. Amatiyo ni ingenzi cyane mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi, atanga umurongo ushobora gukurwaho utuma ibikoresho biri hagati bikurwaho vuba kandi bigasimburwa, nk’ipompo na valves, bitabaye ngombwa ko sisitemu y’imiyoboro icibwa burundu.

Imigozi vs Gukanda vs Gukanda

Uburyo bukoreshwa mu guhuza igipfunyika ku muyoboro ni ingenzi cyane nk'igipfunyika ubwacyo. Ibipfunyika bifite insinga bikoresha imiterere isanzwe (nk'Umuyoboro w'Igihugu cyangwa NPT) kugira ngo bikore igipfunyika cya mekanike gisaba igipfunyika cy'insinga cyangwa kaseti ya PTFE kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi yajya mu kirere. Ni ibyizerwa cyane ariko bisaba akazi gakomeye k'amaboko kugira ngo torque ikore neza.

Ibikoresho byo gukandaKoresha umugozi ukoze mu ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo ukandagire icyuma cyangwa elastomeric ferrule ku muyoboro wo hanze. Ibi bituma amazi adapfa nta bikoresho byihariye cyangwa umuriro ufunguye, bigatuma biba byiza cyane mu kongera gukoreshwa ahantu hato cyangwa hato.Ibikoresho byo gukandabihagarariye ibipimo bigezweho byo gushyiramo ibikoresho by’ubucuruzi binini; bakoresheje ibikoresho byihariye bya elegitoroniki, ba rwiyemezamirimo bashobora gupfunyika burundu imashini ifite uruziga rwa O ku muyoboro, bikagabanya igihe cyo gukora kuri buri gice ho hejuru ya 50% ugereranije n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gupfunyika cyangwa gukoresha ubudodo.

Igereranya ry'igitutu

Ubushobozi bwo gucunga umuvuduko buratandukanye cyane bitewe n'uburyo bwo guhuza n'ubugari bw'urukuta rw'icyuma gifata. Injeniyeri zigomba kugaragaza ibice bidakora gusa umuvuduko usanzwe wo gukora ahubwo binashobora guhangana n'ihungabana ritunguranye rya hydraulic cyangwa ingaruka za hammer y'amazi.

Guhitamo icyuma gipima umuvuduko uri munsi y’urugero rw’umuvuduko w’isi ni impamvu nyamukuru itera gutandukana gukomeye kw’ingingo mu nyubako z’amagorofa menshi.

Uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibipimo by'icyuma gifata umuringa

Gushaka ibikoresho by'umuringa bishingiye gusa ku buryo bihuye n'ibipimo ni ingamba ifite ibyago byinshi. Imiterere y'icyuma cy'umuringa n'amahame ngenderwaho y'inganda bikurikiza ni byo bigena imikorere y'igice cy'umuringa mu byuma bikoresha amazi menshi. Abahanga mu by'imashini bagomba gusuzuma neza ibipimo by'ibikoresho kugira ngo hirindwe ko byangirika vuba bitewe n'ingese cyangwa kutubahiriza amabwiriza y'ubuzima.

Ingano z'ibikoresho n'ibirungo

Umuringa ni umuringa ugizwe ahanini n'umuringa na zinc, ariko ibipimo byihariye n'inyongera zigaragaza urwego rwawo. Mu mateka, C36000 (Umuringa Ukoresha Imashini Zidafite Umusaruro) ni wo wari igipimo ngenderwaho mu nganda bitewe n'ubushobozi bwawo bwiza bwo gukora, bufashijwe no gushyiramo icyuma cya lisansi kigera kuri 3%. Ariko, amabwiriza agezweho yo gukoresha amazi meza yatumye habaho impinduka mu guhitamo icyuma.

Muri iki gihe, ibikoresho bitagira icyuma nka C46400 (Naval Brass) cyangwa C69300 (ECO BRASS, ikoresha silicon aho gukoresha icyuma) ni byo bisabwa ku miyoboro y'amazi yo kunywa. Ibi bikoresho bigumana imbaraga nyinshi zo gukurura mu gihe byubahiriza itegeko rikomeye ry'uko ubuso butose bugira ikigereranyo cy'icyuma gipima ingano ya ≤ 0.25%. Mu masoko y'i Burayi, CW617N iracyari igipimo gikomeye cyo gushyushya no gukoresha mu nganda.

Amahame n'Impamyabumenyi

Kugenzura amanota y'ibikoresho bigerwaho binyuze mu buryo buhamyeibyemezo by'uruhande rwa gatatuKu mazi meza akoreshwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ibikoresho bigomba kuba bifite icyemezo cya NSF/ANSI 61, gisuzuma ingano y'imyanda yinjira mu mazi meza. Byongeye kandi, NSF/ANSI 372 igenzura ko iyubahirizwa ry'itegeko rya ≤ 0.25% ry'ibice by'amazi meza.

Uretse umutekano w’ibinyabutabire, amahame ngenderwaho ya mekanike nka ASME B16.15 agena ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu hamwe n’ibipimo by’ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko w’ibikoresho by’umuringa n’umuringa bikozwe mu cyuma. Gukoresha ibikoresho bidafite ishingiro bitera inshingano zikomeye; amakuru agaragaza ko ibice bidafite ishingiro bifite ibyago byinshi bya 25% byo kunanirwa kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko y’inzego z’ibanze, bigatuma habaho gutinda kw’imishinga ku ngufu no gutinda gutwara amafaranga menshi.

Uburyo Busanzwe bwo Kunanirwa

Ndetse n'ibikoresho by'ubuziranenge bishobora kwangirika iyo bikoreshejwe nabi cyangwa bigakorerwa ibidukikije bidahuye. Gusesagura ni ubwoko bwangiza cyane bw'uburozi aho zinc isohoka mu cyuma cy'umuringa, igasiga umuringa ufite imyenge kandi wangiritse mu miterere yawo. Iki kintu cyihuta mu buryo bw'amazi afite chloride nyinshi (irenga 50 mg/L) cyangwa pH iri munsi ya 7.0. Muri bene ibyo bidukikije, gushyiraho umuringa udashobora gusenyuka (DZR) ni itegeko.

Ubundi buryo bukunze kugaragara bwo gucika intege ni Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), ibaho iyo icyuma gifata umuringa gihuye n’ikibazo cyo gukurura icyarimwe ndetse n’ibidukikije byangiza, nko guhura n’ibintu bisukura bishingiye kuri amoniya. SCC ikunze guterwa n’uburyo budakwiye bwo gushyiraho, cyane cyane gukurura cyane ingingo zidafite insinga zirenze urugero rw’amabwiriza y’umukora ya metero 30 kugeza 40.

Uburyo Amakipe Ashinzwe Gutanga Amasoko Akwiye Guhitamo Ibikoresho Bikoreshwa

Ku matsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko, gushaka ubwoko bukwiye bw'imiyoboro y'amazi bisaba gukoresha imiyoboro igoye y'amazi ku isi mu gihe hakoreshwa uburyo bungana, gahunda yo kuyitanga, n'amabwiriza akomeye yo kugenzura ubuziranenge. Ingamba zo kugura ibintu mu buryo butunguranye akenshi zituma habaho ubwiza bw'ibikoresho budahuye, ubushobozi budahuye, n'imbogamizi mu mishinga. Gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo kubona ibicuruzwa ni ingenzi kugira ngo imikorere ikomeze kuba myiza.

Uburyo bwo Guhitamo Intambwe ku Ntambwe

Uburyo bwo guhitamo bugomba gutangirira ku nyandiko y’ikoranabuhanga irambuye itangwa n’ishami ry’ubuhanga. Abaguzi bagomba kumenya imiterere y’amazi, ubushyuhe bw’imikorere, umuvuduko ntarengwa wa sisitemu, n’uburyo bukenewe bwo guhuza mbere yo guhamagara abatanga serivisi. Iyo ibi bipimo bifunze, kugura bishobora kuyungurura abacuruzi bashobora kuba batanga serivisi hashingiwe kuubushobozi bwo gukora.

Mu gihe cyo gushaka ibicuruzwa bivuye mu nganda zo mu mahanga kugira ngo bigere ku bukungu, amakipe ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba kumvikana ku ngano ntoya zo gutumiza (MOQs). Ingano zisanzwe za MOQ zo gushushanya umuringa akenshi ziba hagati ya 1.000 na 5.000 kuri SKU imwe, bitewe n'uburemere bw'imashini zikoreshwa mu gucukura cyangwa gukora imashini. Gushyira hamwe amabwiriza mu mishinga myinshi ni ingamba isanzwe yo kugera kuri izi ngingo nta kongera umubare w'ibikoresho bihari.

Ubwiza bw'Umutanga serivisi no Gukurikirana

Kwizerwa kw'abatanga ibicuruzwa ni ingenzi cyane; gukoresha ibikoresho bihendutse birahenze cyane iyo bitumye sisitemu isohoka. Itangwa ry'amasoko rigomba gusaba ko abafatanyabikorwa bose mu nganda bagira icyemezo cya ISO 9001 kugira ngo barebe ko ibintu byose bigenzurwa neza. Byongeye kandi, abaguzi bagomba gusaba raporo z'ibizamini by'ibikoresho (MTRs) kuri buri kohereza kugira ngo barebe neza imiterere nyayo y'ibinyabutabire by'umuringa.

Inganda zo ku rwego rwo hejuru zikoresha igenzura ry’amatara mu buryo bwikora no gupima ubukana bw’umuvuduko ku murongo w’iteraniro kugira ngo zimenye ubukana bw’ingufu mu gukata. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gushyiraho Amasezerano y’Urwego rwa Serivisi (SLAs) agena ibipimo byemewe by’ubusembwa ku rugero ruhamye, akenshi ruri munsi ya 0.5% (Ibice 500 kuri miliyoni). Kunanirwa kuzuza iki gipimo buri gihe byagombye gutuma habaho igenzura ryihuse ry’abatanga ibicuruzwa.

Katalogi ugereranije n'uburyo bwo gushakisha ibicuruzwa byihariye

Icyemezo cy'ingenzi mu gushaka ibikoresho ni uguhitamo hagati y'ibikoresho bisanzwe bya kataloge n'ibikoresho byihariye. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bya kataloge bigira akamaro mu gukoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe, kuboneka ako kanya, no mu gihe gisanzwe cyo kubikoresha cy'ibyumweru 2 kugeza kuri 4. Ni byo bitanga umusaruro uhendutse cyane ku kigero cya 90% by'ibikorwa by'amazi mu bucuruzi.

Ariko, ibyumba bigoye by’imashini cyangwa ibikoresho byihariye bya OEM bishobora gusaba ko haboneka ibikoresho byihariye. Ibikoresho byihariye bisaba ko hakorwa imashini zikozwe mu buryo bwihariye cyangwa porogaramu ya CNC, bigatanga ikiguzi cyo gukoresha ibikoresho mbere y’igihe kiri hagati ya $1,500 na $5,000. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byihariye byongera igihe cyo gutangira gukora kugeza ku byumweru 8 kugeza kuri 12 mu ntangiriro y’igikorwa. Itangwa ry’amasoko rigomba gupima ibyo biciro mbere y’igihe n’ibitinda ugereranije n’inyungu zihariye z’imikorere itangwa n’imiterere yihariye mu guteranya ibikoresho bya nyuma.

Gahunda y'Ibyemezo Bifatika byo Guhitamo Abagomba Guhitamo

Kugira ngo harebwe icyuho kiri hagati y’ibisabwa mu buhanga n’ibijyanye n’amasoko bisaba urwego rw’ibyemezo bihamye. Abafatanyabikorwa bagomba guhuza ikoreshwa ry’ubwoko bw’imiyoboro y’amazi, bakareba ko ibice byatoranijwe byujuje ibisabwa mu mikorere ndetse n’ingengo y’imari bitabangamiye iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko.

Inama zijyanye n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa

Ahantu hatandukanye mu bucuruzi hatuma ibikoresho bishyirwa mu buryo butandukanye cyane n’ubushyuhe, imiti, n’ingufu za mekanike. Gukoresha uburyo bumwe bujyanye na byose byanze bikunze bitera kwangirika kwa sisitemu itaragera cyangwa ikoreshwa ry’imari ritari ngombwa binyuze mu gupima ibintu byinshi.

Mu guhuza imiterere y’ibyuma no guhuza uburyo bwo kubikoresha neza, abayobozi b’ibigo bashobora kunoza umuvuduko w’ibanze mu gushyiraho ndetse n’igihe kirekire cyo kubisana.

Guhuza Ibiciro n'Iyubahirizwa ry'Amategeko

Ingingo ikomeye cyane mu guhitamo ibikoresho byo gushyiramo ibikoresho ni ukugereranya igiciro cyagenwe mbere y’igihe n’uko bikurikizwa mu gihe kirekire. Guhindura kuva ku bikoresho bisanzwe by’umuringa w’inganda ukajya ku bikoresho byemewe bitagira icyuma gitanga igiciro kinini, akenshi byongera ibiciro ku kigero cya 15% kugeza kuri 30%. Ibi biterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’ingorane mu gutunganya ibikoresho by’umuringa bya silikoni-bismuth ugereranije n’ibikoresho bisanzwe by’umuringa w’umuringa, ibyo byongera ubusaza bw’ibikoresho n’igihe cyo kubitunganya.

Ariko, kugerageza kurenga kuri izi nkunga hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitujuje ibisabwa mu miyoboro y'amazi meza bitera ingaruka zikomeye ku bucuruzi no mu mategeko. Inzego zishinzwe kugenzura zigenzura cyane ibikoresho by'ubucuruzi, kandi kuvumbura ibikoresho bitujuje ibisabwa bishobora gutera amande arenga $10.000 kuri buri wese utubahirije amategeko, hamwe n'amabwiriza yo gukuraho no gusimbuza ibikorwa remezo byangiritse. Amaherezo, gushora imari mu bwoko bw'imiyoboro y'amazi ikwiye kandi yemewe ni itegeko ry'ibanze ryo gucunga ingaruka mu bwubatsi bugezweho bw'ubucuruzi.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu ku bwoko bw'imiyoboro y'amazi
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'imiyoboro y'amazi y'umuringa bukunze gukoreshwa mu miyoboro y'amazi y'ubucuruzi?

Ubwoko bw'ingenzi ni inkokora, imigozi, imigozi ihuza, imigozi igabanya imiterere, n'imigozi ihuza imiterere. Buri kimwe gifasha mu buryo bwihariye: guhindura icyerekezo, amashami anyuramo, guhuza imigozi, guhindura ingano, cyangwa kwemerera ibikoresho gukuraho.

Ni ryari ibikoresho by'umuringa bigomba gutorwa kuruta ibikoresho bya pulasitiki?

Koresha umuringa ku miyoboro ishyuha cyane, ku bikoresho bishyirwamo ibintu bidafite aho bibohera, ku byumba by'amazi bishyuha, no mu bice bifite imbaraga za mekanike cyangwa imirasire ya UV. Umuringa ufata neza ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 200°F kandi umara igihe kirekire kurusha PVC isanzwe.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y'ibikoresho bikozwe mu ikoranabuhanga, ibyo gukanda, n'ibyo gukanda?

Ibikoresho bikoresha imigozi y'imiyoboro hamwe n'umusemburo, ibikoresho bigabanya umuvuduko bifunga binyuze mu gufunga igiti n'umugozi, naho ibikoresho bikoresha igikoresho gikanda kugira ngo gishyirweho vuba. Amahitamo aterwa n'igihe cy'akazi, ibikoresho, n'imiterere y'akazi.

Kuki ubwiza n'ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira ari ingenzi cyane?

Ibikoresho byakozwe nabi bishobora kugira inenge cyangwa imigozi idakwiye ituma habaho amazi yihishe. Ibikoresho byakozwe neza by'umuringa bifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu byemejwe bifasha kugabanya kwangirika kw'ingingo no kugabanya igihe gihenze cyo gukora mu buryo bw'ubucuruzi.

Ni hehe abaguzi bashobora kubona imiyoboro y'amazi y'umuringa yizewe yo gukoresha mu mishinga y'ubucuruzi?

Abaguzi bashobora gusuzuma uburyo bwo gushyiramo umuringa kuri nbfh-metal.com, bibanda ku bwiza bw'ibikoresho, imiterere ihamye, n'uburyo bikoreshwa. Ku mishinga minini, saba ibisobanuro birambuye ku bicuruzwa mbere yo kugura.